While ruling most decisively, the Kerala High Court in a most learned, laudable, landmark and logical judgment titled Shantanu Yadav Rao Hire v. State of Kerala & Anr. in Crl.M.C No. 922 of 2023 (C.C. No. 236/2021 of Judicial First Class Magistrate Court, Mattannur, Kannur FIR No.6/2019 of Air Port Police Station, Mattannur, Kannur) and cited in 2023 LiveLaw (Ker) 227 that was pronounced some time back on March 28, 2023 has held clearly that the presence of a live cartridge alone that had been seized from the bag of a passenger during the security check at the airport without seizure of any corresponding fire-arm would indicate that there was no ‘conscious possession’ by such passenger, and hence, would not amount to an offence under the Arms Act, 1959. It also noted that the statements of witnesses also did not indicate that the prosecution had a case that the petitioner possessed a live cartridge with the conscious intention to possess it, and that no fire arm had been recovered either from the petitioner, or from any other passenger.

So it was but natural that the Kerala High Court while quashing the prosecution case and allowing the petition held most convincingly that:
In view of the above discussion, this court is of the opinion that the presence of the live cartridge alone recovered from the baggage of the petitioner without a corresponding fire-arm indicates that there was no conscious possession of a fire-arm by the petitioner. Hence prosecution of the petitioner in C.C. No. 236 of 2021 on the files of the Judicial First Class Magistrate’s Court, Mattannur, is an abuse of the process of court and is hereby quashed. Very rightly so!

At the very outset, this brief, brilliant, bold and balanced judgment authored by the Single Judge Bench comprising of Hon’ble Mr Justice Bechu Kurian Thomas of Kerala High Court at Ernakulam sets the ball in motion by first and foremost putting forth stipulating in para 1 that:
Would a live cartridge seized from the bag of a passenger during the security check at the airport without seizure of any corresponding fire-arm amount to an offence under the Arms Act, 1959 (for short ‘the Act’) arises for determination in this case.

To put things in perspective, the Bench envisages in para 2 that:
Petitioner is a businessman from Maharashtra. He possesses a license to possess arms within his State. His daughter is a Commandant Pilot, serving in Air India stationed at Kannur in Kerala. On 04.04.2019, while waiting to board the flight from Kannur Airport to return to his home State after spending time with his daughter, his baggage, when subjected to screening was detected with a live cartridge of 0.32 calibre. Though petitioner claimed ignorance of the live cartridge and how it came to be in his bag, an FIR was registered as Crime No.6 of 2019 of Airport Police Station, Mattannur, alleging offences punishable under sections 3 and 25(1B)(a) of the Act. After the final report was filed, the Judicial First Class Magistrate’s Court, Mattannur, took cognizance of the offence as C.C. No.236 of 2021.

Of course, the Bench then mentions in para 2 that:
Petitioner alleges that he has an unblemished track record and has never been involved in any criminal case in his entire life, and is also holding an arms licence valid within the State of Maharashtra. Petitioner contends that he was not in conscious possession of the ammunition for attracting the offence under section 25 of the Act. It was also contended that a single live cartridge without a corresponding fire-arm is a minor ammunition which is protected under clause (d) of section 45 of the Act, and hence an offence is not at all made out. Petitioner also contended that even if it is assumed that there was any recovery of a live cartridge, the same was not within the knowledge of the petitioner, and it must have remained in the bag, inadvertently.

Do note, the Bench notes in para 5 that:
For the purpose of reference, section 2(b) and section 25(1B)(a) of the Act are extracted below:

2. Definitions and interpretation. (1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a) xxx

(b) ammunition means ammunition for any fire-arm, and includes,—

(i) rockets, bombs, grenades, shells and other missiles,

(ii) articles designed for torpedo service and submarine mining,

(iii) other articles containing, or designed or adapted to contain, explosive, fulminating or fissionable material or noxious liquid, gas or other such thing, whether capable of use with fire-arms or not,

(iv) charges for fire-arms and accessories for such charges,

(v) fuses and friction tubes,

(vi) parts of, and machinery for manufacturing, ammunition, and

(vii) such ingredients of ammunition as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in this behalf.

25. Punishment for certain offences.

(1-B) Whoever:
(a) acquires, has in his possession or carries any firearm or ammunition in contravention of section 3; or ……. (other sub-clauses omitted as not relevant) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine:

Provided that the Court may for any adequate and special reasons to be recorded in the judgment impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than two years.

(1-C) Notwithstanding anything contained in subsection (1-B), whoever commits an offence punishable under that sub-section in any disturbed area shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation.--For the purposes of this subsection, disturbed area means any area declared to be a disturbed area under any enactment, for the time being in force, making provision for the suppression of disorder and restoration and maintenance of public order, and includes any areas specified by notification under section 24-A or section 24-B.

While citing the most relevant case law, the Bench then observes aptly in para 6 that:
In the decision in Gunwantlal v. State of Madhya Pradesh [(1972) 2 SCC 194], a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court in the context of section 25(1)(a) had observed as follows:

The possession of a firearm under the Arms Act in our view must have, firstly the element of consciousness or knowledge of that possession in the person charged with such offence and secondly where he has not the actual physical possession, he has nonetheless a power or control over that weapon so that his possession thereon continues despite physical possession being in someone else.

If this were not so, then an owner of a house who leaves an unlicensed gun in that house but is not present when it was recovered by the police can plead that he was not in possession of it even though he had himself consciously kept it there when he went out. Similarly, if he goes out of the house during the day and in the meantime someone conceals a pistol in his house and during his absence, the police arrives and discovers the pistol, he cannot be charged with the offence unless it can be shown that he had knowledge of the weapon being placed in his house.

While continuing in a similar vein, the Bench further specifies in para 7 that, The aforesaid judgment further went on to hold that the first pre-condition for an offence under section 25(1)(a) is the element of intention, consciousness or knowledge with which a person possesses the fire-arm before it can be said to constitute an offence and secondly that possession need not be physical possession but can even be constructive possession.

It is worth noting that the Bench notes in para 8 that:
Possession of a fire-arm under section 25 of the Act means conscious possession involving a mental element. Mere custody, without any element of consciousness or knowledge of that possession, cannot amount to an offence under the Act. It is settled law that the possession of a fire-arm under the Arms Act must have the element of consciousness or knowledge of that possession on the person charged with such offence. Further, even if he has no actual physical possession, if he nonetheless has power or control over the weapon, his possession will amount to a conscious possession, even if the actual possession is with a third party.

Most forthrightly, the Bench observes in para 9 that:
In the instant case, though petitioner’s bag contained a single live cartridge, which was recovered during the security check at the airport, a corresponding fire-arm was not recovered. The absence of a fire-arm in any of the bags of the petitioner indicates that there was no conscious possession of the live cartridge. Absence of recovery of a fire-arm and the presence of a single live cartridge indicates that there was no intention to possess or, in other words, no animus possidendi. In the absence of any animus possidendi, an offence under section 25 of the Act cannot be made out.

Most remarkably, the Bench while citing the most relevant and recent case laws observes in para 10 that:
In the decisions in Golap Saikia v. State of NCT of Delhi & Another (2017 SCC OnLine Del.7680) and in Narendra Kumar Gupta v. State of NCT of Delhi (2021 SCC Online Del. 2335), the Delhi High Court had held that where a person is not conscious of ammunition in his possession, an offence under section 25 of the Arms Act could not be made out. It was also held in those two cases that in the absence of a fire-arm recovered from the petitioner, there was no threat to anyone at the Airport, and the recovery of a single cartridge does not prove that the petitioner had the intention to possess a fire-arm.

Quite forthrightly, the Bench elucidates in para 11 stating that:
The statements of witnesses do not indicate that the prosecution has a case that the petitioner possessed a live cartridge with the conscious intention to possess it. No corresponding fire-arm or weapon was recovered either from the petitioner or from any other passenger. In the absence of a corresponding fire-arm, the petitioner cannot be said to have committed an offence under section 25 of the Act.

Finally and far most significantly, the Bench concludes by holding in para 12 that:
As held in the decision in State of Haryana and Others v. Bhajanlal and Others (1992 Suppl 1 SCC 335), where the admitted allegations in the final report do not make out an offence, the continuance of the prosecution against the accused amounts to an abuse of the process of court and the inherent jurisdiction can be exercised to quash the proceedings. In view of the above discussion, this court is of the opinion that the presence of the live cartridge alone recovered from the baggage of the petitioner without a corresponding fire-arm indicates that there was no conscious possession of a fire-arm by the petitioner. Hence prosecution of the petitioner in C.C. No.236 of 2021 on the files of the Judicial First Class Magistrate's Court, Mattannur, is an abuse of the process of court and is hereby quashed. This criminal miscellaneous case is allowed as above.

In sum, there can be just no quibbling about the irrefutable fact as the Kerala High Court has also made it unequivocally clear also that the possession of live cartridge without corresponding weapon is not an offence under the Arms Act, 1959. The Court also makes it indubitably clear that the prosecution of petitioner in this leading case is an abuse of the process of law. So it was but natural that the prosecution had to be quashed and the same was done accordingly by the Kerala High Court. It is beyond a straw of doubt that this definitely deserves to be emulated by all the Courts in similar such cases without fail! There can be certainly just no denying or disputing it!

Sanjeev Sirohi, Advocate,
s/o Col (Retd) BPS Sirohi, A 82, Defence Enclave,
Sardhana Road, Kankerkhera, Meerut - 250001, Uttar Pradesh