While ruling on a very significant aspect pertaining to the accused’s right to fair trial, we see that the Punjab and Haryana High Court has in a most remarkable, robust, rational and recent judgment titled Paramjit Kaur vs State of Haryana in CRR No.2605 of 2023 (O&M) and cited in Neutral Citation No.:= 2023:PHHC:156704 that was pronounced as recently as on December 4, 2023 has minced just no words to observe unequivocally that accused’s right to free and fair trial prevails over the right to privacy of police officials. It must be mentioned here that the Court was considering a petition that had been filed by an accused challenging the dismissal of his application under Section 91 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) for preserving the call details records with location chart of certain mobile numbers belonging to police officials. The Court thus set aside the impugned order and directed the Trial Court to pass the necessary directions under Section 91 CrPC for preserving and producing the call details and tower location details of the mentioned phone numbers.

At the very outset, this learned, laudable, landmark and latest judgment authored by Hon’ble Mr Justice Harpreet Singh Brar sets the ball in motion by first and foremost putting forth in para 1 that:
The petitioner is challenging the impugned order dated 11.09.2023 passed by the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Hisar whereby the application filed by the petitioner under Section 91 Cr.P.C. for preserving the calls details records with location chart of Mobile No.8708196220 (SI Satbir Singh, 51/H), 99914-39813 (ESI Raghubir Singh), 8814016312 (L/C Asha), 88140-11305 (DSP Ashok), 8708787725 (SI Phool Singh), 104/HSR, 8814011308 (Inspector Mandeep), 9466478128 (ASI Rajesh Kumar), 9466092628 (HC Ranvir Singh), 8901158402 (L/CT Kamlesh) was dismissed.

As we see, the Bench then states in para 2 that:
Learned counsel appearing for the petitioner inter alia contends that the husband of the petitioner namely Satnam Singh @ Sattu had made a complaint against the police officials on 12.09.2020 and on account of his complaint, police started nurturing a grudge against the husband of the petitioner. The husband of the petitioner was arrested and 4 grams 85 miligrams of heroin was planted on him and FIR No.1090 dated 03.12.2021 under Section 21 of the NDPS Act was registered at Police Station Sadar, Hisar.

To recapitulate, the Bench then envisages in para 2 further that:
Learned counsel for the petitioner has taken a categoric stand that her husband was lifted from her house in village Peerawali on 03.12.2021 at 10 AM in the presence of co-villagers and the recovery of the alleged contraband was shown at a different location. The petitioner had moved an application under Section 91 Cr.P.C. before the learned trial Court for issuance of necessary direction to preserve the call details and tower location details of the police officials at the relevant point of time. The call details and the tower locations are extremely vital for proving that husband of the petitioner was not arrested at the time and place alleged by the investigating agency. Any denial of these details would seriously prejudice the case of husband of the petitioner to prove his innocence. Moreover, the electronic record is admissible in terms of Sections 65-A and 65-B of the Indian Evidence Act. The learned trial Court has not considered the issue in right earnest rather rejected the application filed by the petitioner in a mechanical manner without assigning any reason.

On the contrary, the Bench then mentions in para 3 that:
Per contra, learned State Counsel contends that production of the call details and the tower location of the police officials would expose the secret informers, who help the investigating agency in intercepting the anti-social elements and these details cannot be made available for public in routine matter. It would put the witnesses in danger also and the learned trial Court has rightly rejected the application filed by the petitioner on cogent grounds.

Needless to say, the Bench states in para 4 that:
Having heard learned counsel for the parties and after a perusal of the record, it transpires that the learned trial Court has dismissed the application filed by the petitioner under Section 91 Cr.P.C. on the ground that the petitioner has not mentioned the purpose of collecting such call details and tower locations and without disclosing the necessity and relevancy of such evidence, the application filed by her cannot be allowed.

As things stands, the Bench points out in para 5 that:
A perusal of the application filed by the petitioner (Annexure P-1) indicates that the accused has taken a specific ground that husband of the petitioner namely Satnam Singh @ Sattu was taken by the police from their house in Village Peerawali on 03.12.2021 at 10 AM in the presence of the co-villagers and the necessity and relevancy of the call details and the tower locations was duly indicated by pleading that the prosecution witnesses were not present at the place and time of alleged recovery. As such, summoning of call details records of witnesses mentioned at Annexure A-1 is essential.

While citing the relevant case law, the Bench then states in para 6 that:
A two Judge Bench of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Suresh Kumar Vs. Union of India 2015 (3) RCR (Criminal) 340 has considered the necessity and desirability of preserving the call detail records and tower location at the behest of the accused under the NDPS Act and speaking through Justice T.S. Thakur has held as under:-

That electronic records are admissible evidence in criminal trials is not in dispute. Sections 65A and 65B of the Indian Evidence Act make such records admissible subject to the fulfilment of the requirements stipulated therein which includes a certificate in terms of Section 65B(4) of the said Act. To that extent the appellant has every right to summon whatever is relevant and admissible in his defence including electronic record relevant to finding out the location of the officers effecting the arrest. Be that as it may we do not at this stage wish to pre-judge the issue which would eventually fall for the consideration of the Trial Court.

Most significantly, the Bench then propounds in para 8 holding that:
Preserving and requisitioning of the call details and tower location details would be necessary, otherwise the same would be lost forever. The right of accused to invoke the provisions of Section 91 Cr.P.C. for obtaining documents in support of his defence has been recognized by the Constitutional Courts. The legislative intent behind enactment of Section 91 Cr.P.C. is to ensure that no cogent material or evidence involved in the issue remains undiscovered in unearthing the true facts during investigation, enquiry, trial or other proceedings. No doubt while passing the appropriate direction for preserving and production of call details/tower location details under Section 91 Cr.P.C. would violate the right to privacy of the police officials but the right of the accused under Article 21 of the Constitution of India in ensuring free and fair investigation/trial would prevail over the right to privacy of the police officials. Some extent of privacy can be breached in production of the said call details, as this would facilitate the learned trial Court in discovering the truth and rendering justice, which is fair to all stake holders.

Most forthrightly, the Bench hastens to add in para 9 postulating that:
The denial of an adequate opportunity to the accused by nonproduction of the electronic record, which is admissible under Section 65-A and 65-B of the Indian Evidence Act in criminal trial, would amount to miscarriage of justice. Section 91 Cr.P.C. helps in facilitating a fair and just resolution to the case by ensuring that relevant evidence is made available to the Court for making informed decisions and arrive at a just and fair outcome. It enables the Court to secure important documentary evidence that may be in possession of individuals or organization and helps prevent the destruction, tampering or loss of crucial documents, thereby maintaining the integrity of the judicial process. The power under 91 Cr.P.C. must be exercised for production of such evidence, which would assist the Court in discovering the truth in the pursuit of justice. However, the right of privacy of the police officials cannot be breached at the ipse dixit of the accused. Before any such order for production of call details/tower location is passed, the accused is required to prove necessity and desirability of such evidence, which would be relevant to establish the guilt or innocence of the accused.

More to the point, the Bench minces just no words to put forth in para 10 expounding that:
As principles of natural justice are integral part of fair trial under Article 21 of the Constitution of India, any denial of the best available evidence or effective and substantial hearing to accused in proving defence would amount to denial of free and fair trial.

As a corollary, the Bench then finally mandates and directs in para 11 holding that:
In view of the observations made hereinabove and without going into the merits of the case, the impugned order dated 11.09.2023 is hereby set aside. The learned trial Court is directed to pass necessary directions under Section 91 Cr.P.C. for preserving and production of the call details/tower location details of the phone numbers mentioned in Annexure A-1 attached with the application filed under Section 91 Cr.P.C.

In conclusion, we thus see that the Punjab and Haryana High Court minces just no words absolutely in holding unequivocally that the accused’s right to fair trial prevails over the right to privacy of police officials. It thus merits no reiteration that all the courts in India must definitely pay heed to what the Punjab and Haryana High Court has held in this leading case and so also must the police and act accordingly to prevent miscarriage of justice. No denying it!

Sanjeev Sirohi, Advocate
s/o Col (Retd) BPS Sirohi, A 82, Defence Enclave,
Sardhana Road, Kankerkhera, Meerut – 250001, Uttar Pradesh