Author Name:   Preethikumar

Social security is an important component of any social security development agenda and is as relevant as physical security in the evolving concept of human security. India being a socialistic democratic state, has a commitment of providing social and economic justice to its citizens for the survival of democracy.

A critical study on social security and working of the unorganised workers social security act 2008

Introduction:
Social security is an important component of any social security development agenda and is as relevant as physical security in the evolving concept of human security[1]. India being a socialistic democratic state, has a commitment of providing social and economic justice to its citizens for the survival of democracy[2]. Moreover, the creation of the welfare state is to execute instrumentalities which are enshrined in the directive principles of state policy, serve as fundamental guides for the state’s action towards social, economic, welfare programmes with a view to ameliorate the conditions of labour[3]. It is the security that society furnishes through appropriate organisations against certain risks to which its members are exposed. These risks are essentially contingencies against which the individuals of small means cannot effectively provide by his own ability or foresight or even in private combination with his colleagues[4]. It is the security that furnishes against the risks which an individual of small means cannot, today, stand up to by himself or even in private combinations with his fellow countrymen[5]. It is a scheme that connotes particularly measures of income maintenance or income security, as defined by Cassidy[6].

Scope of social security:
The quest for social security and freedom from want and distress has been the consistent urge of man through ages. This urge has assumed a several forms, according to the needs of people and their level of social consciousness, the advance of technology and the pace of economic development. These measures have introduced an element of stability and protection in the midst of stress and strains of life. It is a major aspect of public policy and the extent of its prevalence is a measure of the progress made by a country towards the ideal of a welfare state[7]. There are nine components[8] of the social security which configure its scope[9]. It envisages that the members of a community shall be protected by a collective action against social risks causing undue hardships and privation to individuals whose prime resources can seldom be adequate to meet them. It covers through an appropriate organisations, certain risks are such than an individual of small means cannot effectively provide for them by his own ability or foresight alone or even in private combination with his colleagues[10]. The crux of the labour problem is the mutual conflict between the employer and the employee over the question of adequacy of which the collective bargaining and the industrial conflict are two main aspects[11].

I.L.O and social security:
The primary object of the international labour organisation is promoting social justice[12]and improving the living and working conditions of workers throughout the world. It emphasized the importance of comprehensive social security measures in the preamble to its constitution, in which it promised, “protection of employment injury and disease and workers against stress, the protection of children, young person and women, provision for old age and injury.

Indian constitution and social security:
The directive principles of our constitution reflect the concern of the state to protect and promote the interests of weaker sections of our population. The constitution of India was enshrined with the provisions in a way to ensure social security to the human beings, in particular the workmen. The constitution guarantees the promotion of welfare of the people[13] and eradication of the inequalities[14] and it provides forthe state to direct its policy towards securing livelihood, common hood[15]etc., By the constitution the operation of a legal system shall be secured[16] and effective provisions[17] were made by the statefor the participation of workers in undertakings[18]and for securing just and humane conditions of work [19] and a decent standard of life[20].

The provision of the constitution was incorporated as a remedial measure to deal with the inconsistency between laws made by the parliament and legislatures of the state[21]. The matters relating to the labour class are enumerated in the concurrent list[22]. If any provisions were made inconsistent with that list, it will be void[23]. The state legislatures has full power to legislate regarding these subjects, subject to the provisions of article 254(2)[24], that is, provided the provisions of state act do not conflict with those of any contract act on the subject.The constitution also prohibits trafficking[25] and child labour[26].

Social security system in India:
In ancient India there were economic groups living together in the form of modern guilds, specialising in different branches of the economy. Dr.R.C. Majumdar gives a list of about thirty such groups[27]. The ancient jurists like Vishnu, yagnavalkya, Brihaspati etc., had frame extensive laws regarding wages and conditions of work and technical and vocational training, women and child labour, regulation of industrial relations etc., these scripts bear testimony to the fact that social structure in those days was so involved and codes so designed as to provide security to the people in general and the workers in particular[28]. Kautilya[29] has mentioned a number of pension schemes in his work, such as, educational pension, public poor relief[30].In the eighth century, sukracharya makes special provisions for social security particularly regarding sickness benefits, pensions and the old age benefits, family pensions and maintenance allowance. He made it clear that when a servant was ill and couldn’t work temporarily, the master should make no deduction from his salary[31].

In modern India, it was only during the present century that the ancient rulers tried to look into the problem of social security that too was mainly restricted to the factoryworkers and the like. The different sessions of the international labour conference, the recognition of social security as a responsibility of the state of different states in Europe and America and advances made in these countries inspired the government of India to study the problems. A number of study teams and committees[32] were appointed and they gavesuggestions and unanimously agreed that the social security measures for the workers in India were not adequate. However it was mainly after the independence that India could take up the problem of social security at par with all advanced countries of the world in a planned and co-ordinatedmanner[33]. Free India adopted the thoughts of the leader’s pt. Jawaharlal Nehru[34], sardar vallabhai Patel[35],[36]and others.

Unorganised sectors in India:
The working force in industries is considered as a weaker section. But the growth and economy has led to two contradictory demands for labour, on one hand organised labour seem to have grown into strong and to impeding the progress of liberalization. This has led to moves to curb labour such as through amendments to the industrial disputes act and trade unions act, or through some sort of exist policy.
On the other hand, manual labour is seen as weak and exploited and there are demands for protection of such organised labour, such as child labour, garment workers, construction workers, agricultural labour and even home workers. This anomalous situation has arisen because, labour is now divided into two classes-(a) organised labour which is strongly protected by law and has their owns auriferous trade unions and (b) unorganised labour which is unprotected and more often than not, exploited before liberalization in economy, unorganised sector workers constituted 89 percent of the work force. Now they constitute 93 percent and yet they remain uncovered by protective legislations. This is a dangerous situation where a large section of population doesn’t receive the benefits of liberalization and consequently social inequality widens[37].

Definition of unorganised sector:
The so called unorganised sector hasn’t been defined anywhere scientifically. Nor was there any serious attempts to define this word or phrase. However, it was used to speak of availability or non-availability of certain benefits or rights to the working class outside the unorganised sector. It was also termed as informal sector. “It was defines as “the group of workers, who cannot be defined by definition but could be described as those who haven’t been able to organize in pursuit of a common objective because of constraints[38].

This definition of analogy of the first national labour commission will help us understand what the organised sector is. Therefore based on this the national commission on labour listed and identified the following categories of unorganised labour workforce with the above attribution.
1. Contract labour including construction workers.
2. Labour employed in small scale industries.
3. Employees in shop and establishments.
4. Child labour.
5. Agriculture and rural workers.
6. Casual labour.
7. Bonded labour.
8. Female labour.
9. Handloom and power loom workers.
10. Bidi and cigar workers.
11. Sweepers and scavengers.
12. Workers in tanneries.
13. Tribal labour.

These are the less privileged and who economic and social needs calls for special attention. The questionnaire circulated by the national commission on rural labour spells out the following mentioned categories as the generally recognised categories of unorganised rural labour[39].

The initiatives of the centre, state and NGO’s for social security, implemented during the past indicated that the needs[40]are much more than the supports provided. The efforts must be targeted vast enough to cover the growing unorganised workers[41].

The terms ‘unorganised sector’ and informal sector’ used to convey the same meaning and these concepts are in accordance with the definitions followed by the currently functioning commission[42] in India. The proportion of the workforce in the organised segment of the labour market has been shrinking considerably, along with marked decline in the long term social se unity provisions hitherto available to the workforce. All these interalia with partial or complete participation of other social partners or at times, the beneficiaries’ themselves[43]. On the issue of a uniform definition of the unorganised sector, the national commission, after deliberating on a number of alternatives, adopted the following definition. “all unincorporated private enterprises owned by individuals or households engaged in the production and sale of goods and services and operated on a proprietary or a partnership basis goods and services and operated on a proprietary or a partnership basis and employing less than 10 persons”[44]. Although this definition doesn’t make any distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural enterprises, the concept of enterprise is generally being used in India only in the context of non-agricultural sector.

Major characteristics of the unorganised workers:
The major characteristics[45] of unorganised workers are:
· The unorganised labour is overwhelming in terms of its number range and therefore, they are omnipresent through India.

· There is no formal employer employee relationship between small and marginal farmers, share croppers and agricultural labourers as they work together in marginally favourable situation.

· The workplace is scattered and fragmented.

· In rural areas, the unorganised labour force is highly satisfied on caste and community considerations. In urban areas while such considerations are much less, it can’t be said that it is altogether absent as the bulk of the unorganized workers in urban areas are basically from rural areas.

· The unorganised workers do not receive sufficient attention from the trade unions. In general, lack of attention from the trade unions.

The unorganised workers social security act 2008 - an outlook
After the submissions of the ‘unorganised workers social security bill, 2006’ by the commission, a series of meetings, discussions and presentations has been made at various fora. Discussions on the draft bill also took place during the 40th session of the Indian Labour conference held at Vigyan Bhawan, NewDelhi on December 9-10, 2005. The draft bill was circulated along with the two other draft bills[46]. A committee on social security for unorganised workers examined the three bills and passed resolutions[47].

The resolutions of the committee are as under:
· Enactment of comprehensive legislation covering social security aspect and the service conditions of unorganised sector workers should be expedited.
· All unorganised workers including home-based, wage workers, migrant workers and self-employees workers, whose average monthly earnings do not exceed rs.6500/- per month should be covered.
· The social security scheme should be designed prior to introduction of the legislation.
· The floor level security schemes like life and accident cover, health insurance and maternity benefits should be funded by the central government.
· There should be tripartite social security boards at the centre and in the state/union territories too formulate/review the schemes under the legislation.
· The implementation of the schemes should be left to the state governments through its machinery including panchayat raj institutions and local bodies.
· The administrative and infrastructure expenditure under the proposed legislation should be borne by the central government for the initial period of five years.
· The social security benefits being provided under the existing central or state boards may be integrated at the option of state governments or the union territories with the schemes under the proposed legislation.

Statement of objects and reasons:
The unorganised sector of the economy in India is the largest sector in terms of employment of the workforce. It consists of agriculture and such related activities as forestry, livestock and fishing as well as non-agriculture. The bill is intended to provide a measure of social security to the workers in the unorganised sector. This bill propose a model that will be inclusive in nature and provide for a clearly demarcated division of responsibilities between the central and state governments. It mandates the central/state government to implement national social security scheme[48].

Social security benefits:
· Health benefits in the form of health insurance for self, spouse and children below the age of 18 years, sickness allowance and maternity benefits for workers or spouse of men workers.
· Life insurance to cover natural and accidental death.
· Old age security in the form of old age pension for BPL workers above the age of 60 years and provident fund-cum-employment relief for all other workers[49].

In addition to the national minimum, the central government may frame schemes as it may deem necessary or finance such schemes to the state governments as it may find appropriate[50], subject to availability as in section 5 and may include others[51].

It is clear that the act is merely an eyewash and intended to cover just 6 crore workers out of the total workforce of more than 42 crore. Any legislation is meant for guaranteeing certain legal commitments on the part of the state, but this act, leaves the implementation entirely to the whims of governments of the day. The below mentioned discussions will clearly explain a critical analysis of the framework and working of the act andwhether the purpose of its implementation has gained any success or nit in the present scenario.

Unorganised workers national advisory board:
Theact doesn’t provide any social security[52]to any section of workers, where the misnomer in the name itself can be seen. The act doesn’t guarantee anything other than the formation of an advisory board at central and state level and making the respective labour ministers the chairpersons of the same. This is the highest ever fraud on unorganised workers, not only constitute one third of the entire of the entire population but contribute two-third of our national income.

Neither regulation nor social security:
It has been a decade since the second national commission for unorganised workers in 1999 in order to restructure the labour market conditions to match liberalization and globalization. The congress-led UPA government claims that the national commission on enterprises in unorganised [NCEUS][53] sector, promised welfare legislation for unorganised workers. TheNAC[54]drafted a bill in 2005, followed by two bills prepared by NCEUS after elaborate discussions with trade union leaders. Still, all of them were thrown into the dustbin and the labour ministry brought out its own bill. Again the finance ministry struck down the proposals of any scheme in the bill that might require financial commitment on the part of the government.

Then the bill was redrafted and introduced in the Rajya Sabha in 2007 and referred to the group of ministers. Finally, a bill has been passed that neither provides for regulation of conditions of employment nor any social security schemes; Neither extends to all unorganised workers nor encompasses agrarian labourers; Neither it makes a categorical definition of unorganised workers nor binds the government to any commitment; Neither it provides a mechanism for implementation nor suggests penalty for non-implementation; Neither it creates a corpus fund nor makes a categorical promise of generating resources.

Ambiguity in definition:
The original name of the bill was changed[55] to unorganised workers social security bill 2008. This might be misleading, as a move to extend the coverage of the bill to the informal workers in the organised sector as well at the first sight. But the change in title doesn’t have any concurrent implication for the definition of unorganised workers. At the surface level it might appear that the unorganised workers of organised sector are also covered by the act. But, it is they were not covered.[56].

Furthermore, it has defined unorganised sector[57] and unorganised workers[58]. The unorganised workers will also be subjected to the condition of a ceiling on monthly earnings, which isn’t defined. It could be the ceiling for determining BPL in rural[59] and urban[60] areas or could be the extent of landholding or could be anything which is unknown and yet to be notified by the government.

Social security: a mirage
The act has mentioned that the government would periodically notify the benefits[61] as may be determined by the central government. It has also mentioned ten schemes[62].the schemes are not new and are mostly applicable only for BPL[63] families.

The unorganised workers social security act has become a major farce of millennium. It has been taken as a beginning[64]. It is for the working class and trade union movement to take up the challenge[65] that can cover not only social security and the conditions of employment.

Limitations of the act:
Neither agricultural labourers have been brought under the purview of the act nor a separate bill for agricultural labourers tabled.
· Two bills were prepared by the NCEUS[66]. Thesocial security has been dumped and it confines itself only to social security in its most diluted form.
· The 2008 act appears to have excluded vast sections of unorganised workers[67]. This exclusion reveals the true colours of the “politics of inclusiveness”.
· The act is applicable only to a small section of unorganised labourers.
· For the establishment of a central welfare fund, the passage of the act is not accompanied by any legally stipulated guarantee.
· There is no provision for penalties in the act to punish those employers who violates it.
· As a result of dropping the bill on conditions of work prepared by the Arjun sengupta commission, working conditions[68] of unorganised workers would remain unregulated and unenforced.
· The special problem of women unorganised workers do not figure in the bill. Their problems have been totally neglected[69].
· Not only penalty exclusion but also no action against the bureaucrats who refuse to register any unorganised worker under any of the twin scheduled schemes.

Suggestions:
In order to overcome the drawbacks which are evident in the unorganised sectors various requirements to curb such as a situation are enumerated in the enforced acts and also by our government.

Measures:
1. The 2008 act should be amended to include the penal provisions of violation by the employers.
2. Registrationof unorganised workers should be mandated and social security identity card should be issued and it shall be mandated to produce it for all the employment whether casual or regular.
3. The scope of the term ‘unorganised workers’ should be extended/widened in order to include to agricultural labourers, unorganised labourers in organised sector, anganwadi workers etc.,
4. The passage of the act should be accompanied by legally stipulated guarantee for the establishment of central welfare fund.

Conclusion:
The main objective of this paper is to discuss the scope of social security and to provide an overview of the unorganised workers social security-2008 and its working. The national sample survey revealed that the unorganised workers account for about 93 percent of the total workforce and there is a steady growth in it over years.Thus the 2008 act should be amended to widen its scope and application towards every unorganised sectors by ensuring the minimum standard of life and assuring every benefits to the unorganised workers and BPL families.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
PRIMARY SOURCES:
1. Unorganised workers social security act-2008.

SECONDARY SOURCES:
1. Madhavan Pillai- labour and industrial laws.
2. Goswami.V.G.Dr- labour industrial laws by central agency, Allahabad, 8th edtn, 2004.
3. Misra.S.N-labour and industrial laws.
4. Srivatsava.S.C-social security and labour laws by eastern book co. Lucknow, 1985.
5. Hallen.G.C- dynamics of social security in India.

JOURNALS:
1. Government of India (2002): report of the study group on social security, commission on labour, ministry of labour, NewDelhi.
2. Government of India (2006): report on social security for unorganised workers, national commission for enterprises in the unorganised sector, NewDelhi.
3. Guhan. S (1994).”social security initiatives in the unorganised sector, ministry of labour and employment, NewDelhi.

REPORTS:
1. Royal commission on labour report-1929
2. Report of the national commission on labour-1969
3. Report of the national commission on labour-2002
4. Report of the national commission on labour main conclusions and recommendations-1991

[1] Article 22 and 25 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
[2] Right to social security is a human right and hence everyone has a right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family.
[3]Article 38, 39, 41, 42, 47 of the Constitution of India
[4]Valdimir Rys. Comparative studies of social security, bulletin of I.S.S.A., Vol.XIX, Nos. 7-8 p.246, July-august, 1966.
[5]Labour problems in Indian industry, 1972, p.269.
[6]Social security and reconstruction in Canada, p.16
[7]Report of the national commission on labour(1969), p.162.
[8]Medical care, old age benefit, unemployment benefit, family benefit, sickness benefit, invalidity benefit, maternity benefit, survivors benefit and employment injury benefit.
[9]Social security (minimum standards) convention (No:102)adopted by ILO in 1952.
[10]Report of the national commission on labour, 1969.
[11]Supra., p.p.162-163
[12]Justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society. “The way in which the human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society”.
[13] Article 38: the state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may, a social order in which justice, social, economic and political shall inform all the institutions of the national life.
[14]Article 38(2): the state shall in particular, strive to minimise the inequalities in income facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different avocations
[15]Article 39: a) that the citizens, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.
b) That the ownership and control of the material resources of the community also distributed as best to sub serve the common good.
c) That the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production in the common detriment.
d) That there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
e) That the health and strength of workers, men and women, and tender age of children are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength.
f) That childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.
[16] Article 39-A: The operation of a legal system shall be secured by the state which promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity and shall in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities
[17] Article 41: shall make effective provisions for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in case of employment, old age, sickness ad disablement and in other cases of undeserved want, within the limits of its economic capacity and development
[18] Article 43-A: The state shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organisations engaged in any industry
[19]Article 42: the state shall make provisions for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.
[20] Article 43: The state shall endeavour to secure, by suitable legislation or economic organization or in any other way to all workers, agricultural, industrial or otherwise, work, a living wage, conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life and full enjoyment of leisure and social opportunities and in particular, the state shall endeavour to promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operative basis in rural areas
[21]Article 254 of the constitution of India.
[22]Entry 22:- trade unions; industrial and labour disputes; Entry 23:-social security and social insurance; employment and unemployment; Entry 24:-welfare of labour including conditions of work, provident funds employer’s liability, workmen’s’ compensation, invalidity and old age pensions and maternity benefits.
[23] Article 254(1): It was provided that, if any provision of law made by parliament which is competent to enact or to any provision of an existing law with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the concurrent list, then subject to the provisions of clause (2), the law made by parliament, whether passed before or after the law made by the legislature of such state, or, as the case may be, the existing law, shall prevail and the law made by the legislature of the state shall, to the extent of the repugnancy, be void
[24]Article 254(2): Where the law made by the legislature of the state with respect to one of the matters enumerated in the concurrent list contains any provision repugnant to the provisions of an earlier law made by parliament or an existing law with respect to that matter, then the law so made by the legislature of the state shall, if it has been reserved for the consideration of the president and has received his assent, prevail in that state.
[25] Article 23: prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
[26] Article 24: prohibition of employment of children in factories, mine or any other hazardous employment.
[27]Cooperative life in ancient India. Dr.V.R. Bhattacharya, Loc. Cit, pp. 1-2.
[28] M.chandrasekar, loc. Cit, p.19.
[29]He says the “state itself should provide support to poor, pregnant women, to their new born offspring, to orphans, to the aged, the infirm, the affected and the helpless.
[30]N.C.Bandhopadhyaya, Kautilya, p.173.
[31]M.chandrasekar Loc. Cit, chapter II.
[32]Royal commission on labour in 1931, the Kanpur labour enquiry committee in 1938, the Bihar labour enquiry committee in 1940 and adarkar committee in 1943.
[33]Dr.V.R. Bhattacharya, Loc. Cit. pp.13-19.
[34]He says, “I think every employer should realise the terrible time labourer has had for generations, how they were crushed”. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s speeches, Vol.3, pp.65-66.
[35]He says, “like gandhiji I want to make the capitalists also understand which way their true duty lies”.
[36] Speeches of sardar vallabhai Patel: “for a United India”, pp. 94-95.
[37] Dr.bassavaraj c.s: welfare of special categories of labour and social security, p.196, reader in commerce, gultarge, Karnataka.
[38] Such as: casual nature of employment, ignorance and illiteracy, small size and scattered nature of employment with low capital investment & employees, superior strength of employer operating singly or in combination.
[39] Sankaran-labour welfare unions and industrial relations (1996).
[40]The major security needs of the unorganised workers are food security, nutritional security, health security, employment security, income security, life security, accident security and old age security
[41] Dhas A.C., & Helen M., social security for unorganised workers in India, p.1 senior lectures in economics, Madurai.
[42] National commission for enterprises in the unorganised sector. (NCEUS).
[43] Ramesh, babu p., (2007): social security for unorganised sector workers in India Alternatives Approaches and new Initiatives: report submitted to 5th international research conference on social security [WARSAW], p.2, V.V.Giri National labour Institute, Noida.
[44] Report on social security for unorganised workers: Indian journal of Human Development, Vol.1, No.1, 2007. P.187.
[45]Dhas.A.C. &Helen M., social security for unorganised workers in India. P.3 senior lectures in economics, Madurai.
[46] One drafted by the ministry of labour and employment and other drafted by members of the national advisory council.
[47] Resolutions regarding bills that were ratified in the plenary session of the conference.
[48] By the “unorganised workers social security act-2008” the central government shall formulate a scheme to be called national social security scheme to be called national social security scheme for the unorganised workers consisting of the national minimum social security benefits.
[49]National minimum social security benefits under the national social security scheme.
[50](a) Strengthen the national minimum social security by its own contributions, (b) design & implement additional social security benefits through its own schemes.
[51]Provident fund schemes, housing & employment injury benefits scheme, educational schemes for children of workers, funeral assistance, marriage of daughters, skill up graduation of workers etc.,
[52] Except mere registration
[53] Led by Arjun Sengupta, formed in 2004 as part of the implementation its national common minimum programme.
[54] Headed by Sonia Gandhi: the National Advisory committee.
[55] The word “sector” was dropped.
[56] As per the act, the workers covered under the purview of ESI act[& also PF act, ID act, workmen compensation Act, Maternity benefits act & gratuity act] will not come under the ambit of the present legislation, which implies 2.9 crores of casual/contract workers will be left out of the purview of present legislation.
[57] An enterprise employing less than 10 workers.
[58] Unorganised workers means a home based worker, self-employed worker or a wage worker in the unorganised sector.
[59] Rupees 300 in rural areas.
[60] Rupees 500 in urban areas.
[61] Schemes related to life and disability cover, health and maternity benefits etc.,
[62] Aam Admi Bima Yojana, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, Janshree Bima Yojana, Janani Suraksha Yojana, old age pension, family benefit and schemes related to weavers, artisans and master crafts persons.
[63]Below poverty line families.
[64] For an opportunity to raise working class struggles to newer heights by involving crores of unorganised workers.
[65] To create waves of bigger struggles for meaningful and comprehensive legislation for agricultural and unorganised workers.
[66] One on social security and other on working conditions.
[67] Agricultural labourers, the unorganised labourers in the organised sector including contract labourers and the informal labourers in the formal sector, the anganwadi workers, para workers like ASHAs and para teachers and those cooperative sectors.
[68] Hours of work, mandatory holidays, industrial safety, job security, industrial relations and trade union rights, guaranteeing minimum wages, bonus etc.,
[69] The problems of security, sexual harassment, proper accommodation for migrant women workers, issues to nature of work and industrial safety, gender wage gap, non-payment of wages, childcare facilities at work spot etc.,

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